As the USSR was busy rebuilding after World War II, an American Martin Manhoff landed in Moscow with a suitcase full of the latest photography equipment – and the skills to use it. Martin travelled throughout Russia by rail and was often accompanied by his wife Jan who recorded their memories in writing.
In 1954, two years after arriving, Martin Manhoff was expelled from the USSR for “spying”. After his expulsion to the US, the images Manhoff made lay hidden in a cupboard for more than 60 years. This year, after Manhoff’s death, these crisp, colourful slides of Soviet life were re-discovered by a historian Douglas Smith.
#1 A Night Shot Of Moscow
That’s the newly-constructed Moscow State University glowing on the horizon.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#2 Schoolgirls At Kolomenskoye, A Former Royal Estate In The South Of Moscow
Any of these girls alive today would now be in their 70s.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#3 A Market In Crimea, A Few Years Before The Peninsula Was “Gifted” To Ukraine By Stalin’s Successor
Jan wrote that the peninsula “had always been a resort area, and now when the happy workers get their holidays, the top ones get to come here.”
Image source: Douglas Smith
#4 A Street In Central Kiev, Ukraine
Image source: Douglas Smith
#5 Flooded Streets In Kiev
Jan described Ukraine as “a cleaner, more individual part of the Soviet Union… this area has certainly seen and known more than just Soviet rule.”
Image source: Douglas Smith
#6 Babushka Dealings, Snapped Out Of The Window Of A Train
Jan said the train trips gave the Manhoffs their only chance to communicate with ordinary Russians “but here natural precaution prohibits anything but superficial talk.”
Image source: Douglas Smith
#7 A Rural Town Snapped From A Passing Train
As well as shooting images of city life, Martin, often accompanied by his wife Jan, travelled throughout Russia by rail. This image is one of several showing small town life far from Moscow.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#8 A Parade Under The Walls Of The Kremlin
When historian Douglas Smith discovered the images, he immediately realised he’d stumbled onto a rare treasure.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#9 Kids Goofing For Martin’s Camera In Novospassky Monastery
Image source: Douglas Smith
#10 Ostankino Palace, In The North Of Moscow
In Soviet days, many estates and palaces of the aristocracy were opened up as public parks.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#11 Street Scene On Pushkin Square, Looking Down Tverskaya Street Towards The Towers Of The Kremlin
Image source: Douglas Smith
#12 A Queue Outside A Food Store In Moscow
Image source: Douglas Smith
#13 A Murky-Looking Pool In An Unknown Location
Manhoff shot with 35mm Kodak and Agfa colour slide film. The technology was cutting edge in the US at the time, and would have been virtually unheard of inside the USSR.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#14 A Rare Color Image Of Stalin’s Funeral, In 1953, Snapped From The Window Of The Old US Embassy
Manhoff’s job in Russia was as an assistant army attache at the embassy.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#15 Novospassky Monastery In Moscow
Under Soviet rule religion was heavily suppressed, and many churches were either destroyed or put to use as humble storage houses.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#16 Stalin’s Coffin Rolling Towards Red Square
The pale spot on the coffin is a kind of clear plastic or glass bubble over his face.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#17 Window Shoppers In Moscow
Jan’s first impressions of the city’s shopping scene were scathing: “Nothing quite fits, the people as well as the furnishings. And nothing that is sold seems new, it all looks second-hand.”
Image source: Douglas Smith
#18 Chicks Chilling With Books In Moscow’s Novodevichy Convent
Image source: Douglas Smith
#19 The Central Telegraph Building In Moscow
Image source: Douglas Smith
#20 A Woman Snapped From The Train
The only time the Manhoffs were permitted to leave the train during their journeys was during long stops at stations en route, though even then they were required to stay on the platform.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#21 “Shop No. 20” In Moscow, Advertising Various Fish & Meat
In the same letter Jan commented on the result of the 1917 “workers’ revolution” which overthrew Russia’s monarchy and capitalist system: “probably no picture of the ‘revolution’ is clearer, the workers have taken over and they do not yet quite how to handle it all, but there’s noone else.”
Image source: Douglas Smith
#22 Cruising In Convoy Towards The Trinity Lavra Of St. Sergius, A Couple Hours Out Of Moscow
Image source: Douglas Smith
#23 A Card Player Looking Like He’s About To Slap Down A Flush In Kuskovo
The country estate in Moscow was owned by the Sheremetev family before the Russian revolution.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#24 Martin And Jan Manhoff
As Martin photographed, Jan made notes on their experiences.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#25 Farm Workers Watching The Manhoffs’ Train Rolling Past
The New York Times reported on one of the Manhoffs’ trips deep into Siberia, claiming “Americans have never traveled to this remote area before.”
Image source: Douglas Smith
#26 A Truck Rumbles Past The US Embassy In Moscow
Two of the men sport freshly-shaved heads.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#27 In One Small Town The Americans Caused A Commotion By Walking Into A Restaurant
After a local man welcomed the unexpected foreigners by firing up an accordian, Jan writes “he played well and to everyone’s pleasure. One Russian bought him a bottle of beer, and we donated a bottle. Then, it happened. The manager… walked in and told everyone that the cafe was closed. Everyone with a great deal of chatter wondered why and many “pochomoos” [Russian for ‘why’] were voiced. Someone asked the accordian player why and he said ‘I don’t know, it’s the first time in my life.’ Then he very amusingly said ‘well, I’ll play you a march’, and to the tune of Russian marches we vacated.”
Image source: Douglas Smith
#28 A Woman Poses For Martin On Petrovka Street In Moscow
Despite brief encounters like this, the Manhoffs were unable to scratch beneath the surface of Soviet life at a time when mingling with foreigners could land Russians in real trouble. Jan wrote “we’ve never been inside a Russian home, nor can ever expect to be.”
Image source: Douglas Smith
#29 A Public Bus And Several Cars Trapped In A Flood Caused By Summer Rains In Kiev, Ukraine
Image source: Douglas Smith
#30 A Parade In Central Moscow A Few Steps From The Old US Embassy
The sign on left welcomes “Brothers from the Chinese Republic”.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#31 A Policeman, Probably Snapped From The Top Of The US Embassy In Moscow
Jan wrote that the police in Moscow were “so stationed as to never be out of sight of the next one.” Under Stalin’s rule the USSR was a police state in which millions of people accused of opposition to the totalitarian regime were either killed, or sent to labour camps in Siberia.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#32 A Child Walks Through A Run-Down Street In Moscow Near The Moskva River
Image source: Douglas Smith
#33 Rural Homesteads Snapped From The Train
The final train adventure Martin Manhoff took ended the couple’s time in the USSR. On a summer trip through Siberia in 1953 he and three colleagues were accused of illegally photographing airfields and oil dumps. The four were branded as spies and hastily evicted from the country.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#34 A Cinema In Central Moscow Advertising The 1953 Film “Lights On The River”
The whole film is on youtube – look up: “Огни на реке.”
Image source: Douglas Smith
#35 Russian Officials Are Photographed From A Window Above The Street In Murmansk
Image source: Douglas Smith
#36 A View From The Roof Of The ‘New’ US Embassy
The Hotel Ukraine skyscraper is under construction across the river.
Image source: Douglas Smith
#37 Flowers, Dancing, And North Korean Flags At A Parade In Moscow
Smith told Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty “Manhoff captured this everyday quality… It gives a human quality that is missing from any other depiction [of life in the USSR in the 1950s.]”
Image source: Douglas Smith
#38 A Horse Clops Past The Kremlin, As Seen From The Entrance To The Old US Embassy
Image source: Douglas Smith
#39 A Woman Collecting Water In A Bucket In The Russian Countryside And Heading Back To A Humble Log Cabin
Image source: Douglas Smith
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