While we might recognize most of these masterpieces and their artists, we probably don’t know much about the stories behind them. From personal experiences to hidden messages, each painting has an origin story that’s as captivating as the artwork itself. Some artworks weren’t understood, while others received critical acclaim. But what they all have in common is that they became revolutionary pieces of art that broke barriers in their time. We’ve compiled a list of 21 paintings that changed art forever, along with the intriguing stories behind them.
#1 Café Terrace At Night, Vincent Van Gogh (1888)
We really don’t have to dig very deep into the history of this painting to figure out how it came about. Vincent Van Gogh himself described his work in a letter to his sister, detailing the reasons why he didn’t want to use black, despite painting a night scene. It turns out that he wanted to capture the true colors of the night and portray it as full of life rather than darkness.
Image source: Vincent van Gogh
#2 Lady With An Ermine, Leonardo Da Vinci (1489)
For decades, there was much debate about whether the Lady with an Ermine painting was a Leonardo da Vinci piece or not. This was mostly because the painting was found to have layers of overpaint, and Leonardo’s signature appeared to have been added to it way after its creation. But when the painting underwent extensive analysis from 2012 to 2014, the stylistic and material consistency of the original work confirmed, without a doubt, that it was a Leonardo da Vinci masterpiece.
Image source: Leonardo da Vinci, TIME
#3 The Scream, Edvard Munch (1893)
While this painting doesn’t look haunting at first glance, it does, however, take on a different form when you discover that Edvard Munch captured his own raw emotions in the artwork. He painted the distraught figure and the menacing surroundings to convey what he felt when he heard an “infinite scream passing through nature” while taking a walk.
Image source: Edvard Munch, Wikipedia
#4 A Sunday Afternoon On The Island Of La Grande Jatte, Georges Seurat (1884)
Considered one of the earliest examples of Pointillism, this 19th-century painting by Georges Seurat initially received mixed reviews, but has now become a symbol of the neo-impressionist movement. Despite being incredibly disciplined in his personal life, Seurat pushed boundaries and forever changed the history of art with his rebellious techniques. This painting is now celebrated as a masterpiece, along with many of his others that were created using tiny dots or strokes of pure color.
Image source: Georges Seurat, Wikipedia
#5 Impression, Sunrise, Claude Monet (1872)
Though critics labeled this painting as unfinished, messy, and slightly amateurish, it became an important artwork in history because it gave rise to Impressionism. Instead of painting the finer, realistic details, Claude Monet focused on perception and emotion, aiming to capture the movement and impression of a moment. When describing how the term Impressionism came about, Monet said, “They wanted a title for the catalog; it couldn’t really pass as a view of Le Havre, so I answered: ‘Put down Impression.’ Out of that, they got impressionism…”
Image source: Claude Monet, Wikipedia
#6 Christina’s World, Andrew Wyeth (1948)
Initially, this 20th-century painting of a woman enjoying nature seems pretty ordinary; however, the true scene is actually quite sad. The woman depicted in the artwork was Andrew Wyeth’s neighbor, Anna Christina Olson. She suffered from a muscle disorder that left her unable to walk and would often be seen dragging herself across the grass on her family’s farm to make it home.
Image source: Andrew Wyeth, Wikipedia
#7 Andolfini Portrait, Jan Van Eyck (1434)
Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini and his wife are said to be the couple depicted in this 15th-century painting by Jan Van Eyck. While the exact reason why they commissioned the portrait remains a mystery, every detail in it is thought to carry some meaning. Historians speculate that the couple might have been marking a marriage, taking an oath, or simply showing off their wealth.
Image source: Jan van Eyck, Wikipedia
#8 The Kiss, Gustav Klimt, 1908
Gustav Klimt’s reputation had taken a serious knock after the public called his earlier work, the Vienna Ceiling series, too scandalous. However, he still took a chance on creating new artwork, starting on The Kiss. This painting was so well-received by critics and the public alike that the Belvedere Museum scooped it up before it was even finished, at a very high price, too.
Image source: Gustav Klimt, Wikipedia
#9 American Gothic, Grant Wood (1930)
American Gothic is a famous early 20th-century painting inspired by the Dibble House Grant Wood spotted in Eldon, Iowa. Without knowing its residents, Wood used his imagination to recreate the people he thought might live in the home, and this is how the famous painting came to life. An interesting, but slightly strange detail is that he modeled the man and woman after his dentist and his sister.
Image source: Grant Wood, Wikipedia
#10 Mona Lisa, Leonardo Da Vinci (1503)
The Mona Lisa painting is believed to depict Lisa del Giocondo, an Italian noblewoman. It’s said that Leonardo was commissioned to paint her to mark a special occasion; however, instead of delivering the painting as promised, he kept it for the rest of his life. Today, historians still debate why he chose to do this.
Image source: Leonardo da Vinci, Wikipedia
#11 The Son Of Man, René Magritte (1946)
Much like René Magritte’s other paintings, this artwork continues to puzzle historians. Some interpret it to have religious meaning, but its true message remains uncertain. Magritte himself fueled the mystery when he said, “Everything we see hides another thing, we always want to see what is hidden by what we see. There is an interest in that which is hidden and which the visible does not show us. This interest can take the form of a quite intense feeling, a sort of conflict, one might say, between the visible that is hidden and the visible that is present.”
Image source: René Magritte, Wikipedia
#12 At The Moulin Rouge, Henri De Toulouse-Lautrec (1893)
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec’s physical condition and the isolation he experienced because of it inspired his art in many ways. He was drawn to Montmartre’s nightlife and felt a strong connection to the marginalized in society, which became evident in his work. Unlike many artists of his time who portrayed those sidelined in society as caricatures, Toulouse-Lautrec depicted them as real people.
Image source: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Wikipedia
#13 The Persistence Of Memory, Salvador Dalí (1931)
Recognized as one of the most famous works of Surrealism, this 20th-century painting by Salvador Dalí aimed to explore how time, memory, and reality become distorted in dreams. In a review of the masterpiece, art historian Dawn Adès wrote, “The soft watches are an unconscious symbol of the relativity of space and time, a Surrealist meditation on the collapse of our notions of a fixed cosmic order.” This interpretation reflects Dalí’s fascination with challenging the perceptions of reality.
Image source: Salvador Dalí, Wikipedia
#14 The Ambassadors, Hans Holbein The Younger (1553)
This 16th-century painting depicting French ambassador Jean de Dinteville and Catholic Bishop Georges de Selve isn’t just a double portrait; it’s also a still life masterpiece. What makes the artwork particularly special is that all the objects used in it carry meaning and have been the subject of debate for centuries.
Image source: Hans Holbein the Younger, Wikipedia
#15 Girl With A Pearl Earring, Johannes Vermeer (1665)
Unlike most of the paintings in this list, the Girl With A Pearl Earring was a “tronie”. Johannes Vermeer didn’t paint the artwork as a portrait, but instead intended it to be an imagined figure dressed in exotic clothing. This is why not much is known about the woman depicted in the painting, although some historians believe the sitter might’ve been his sister.
Image source: Johannes Vermeer, Wikipedia
#16 Nighthawks, Edward Hopper (1942)
Considered one of the most famous paintings in American art, this 19th-century piece became an important part of the American Realism movement. Interestingly, its original name was Night Hawks, which could’ve been a reference to people who stay up late or maybe even the beak-like nose of the man behind the counter. When critics pointed out that the painting expressed loneliness and emptiness, Hopper commented, “Unconsciously, probably, I was painting the loneliness of a large city.”
Image source: Edward Hopper, Wikipedia
#17 Nude Descending A Staircase, No. 2, Marcel Duchamp (1912)
Surprisingly, this Marcel Duchamp painting was severely criticized and rejected by artists in the Cubist movement for being “too Futurist.” One even went as far as saying, “There is in my bathroom a really good Navajo rug which, on any proper interpretation of the Cubist theory, is a far more satisfactory and decorative picture.” Despite this, the painting is now celebrated as a modernist classic.
Image source: Marcel Duchamp, History Matters
#18 Bedroom In Arles, Vincent Van Gogh (1888)
Considered one of history’s most famous oil artworks, Bedroom in Arles was also one of Van Gogh’s most personal pieces since it was a painting of his own room. Like some of his other pieces, Van Gogh describes his painting process in a letter addressed to his brother, detailing how he chose unusual colors to express calm and comfort. He also explained that he painted this masterpiece during a turbulent period in his life, when an illness left him bedridden for days.
Image source: Vincent van Gogh, Wikipedia
#19 The Librarian, Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1562)
Giuseppe Arcimboldo was best known for creating portraits entirely out of objects such as fruits, flowers, fish, or, in this case, books and book accessories. The Librarian painting is said to depict historian and humanist Wolfgang Lazius. There has been much debate among art historians as to whether the painting is a celebration of scholars like Lazius or a mockery of those who own books but don’t read them.
Image source: Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Wikipedia
#20 32 Campbell’s Soup Cans, Andy Warhol (1962)
Andy Warhol’s “32 Campbell’s Soup Cans” paintings were an immediate hit and became part of the pop art movement. Warhol’s goal when creating this artwork was to blur the lines between fine art and mass production by challenging the traditional ideas of what art was at the time. When asked about his intent, Warhol said, “I only want to get you started thinking and feeling, like what’s art?”
Image source: Brandon Fick, Wikipedia
#21 Drawing Xiii, Georgia O’keeffe (1915)
Georgia O’Keeffe is best known for her 20th-century series of charcoal drawings. Her work stood out from the rest at that time since she used natural, flowing forms, while other artists preferred to paint geometric shapes. Photographer Alfred Stieglitz liked her work so much that he exhibited some of her drawings in his gallery without getting O’Keeffe’s consent first. She confronted him, but agreed to let him keep them on display, a move that kick-started her successful career as an artist.
Image source: Georgia O’Keeffe, PBS
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